1. Sociolinguistics in General
-linguistics structural and functional
- Internal (phonology, morphology, syntax) and external factors (age, gender, social status, level of education).
- At the beginning the term SL. is known as sociology of language. Than H. Curee- a various language. Fishman differentiate between SL. and sociology of language. SL. is qualitative than SOL. is quantitative. SL. emphasizes the usage of the language by individual in the social context. SOL. emphasizes the diversity of language as the result of social stratum that is exist in the society.
“Sociolinguistics” could be taken to refer to use of linguistic data and analyses in other disciplines, concerned with social life, and conversely, to use social data and analyses in linguistics. The word could also be taken to refer to correlations between languages and societies, and between particular linguistic and social phenomena. Hudson (1980) states that sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. Another definition comes from Criper and Widowson (1975) that say sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation; its purpose is to show how the conventions of language use relate to other aspects of culture.
2. The Definition and concepts of Ethnography of Communication
The modern usage of “ethnography of speaking” is attributable to Dell Hymes. Dell Hymes then changes the “ethnography of speaking” to “ethnography of communication” because he thought that the term of “ethnography of communication” is more appropriate (it’s not only limited in spoken but also in writing, gesture, kinesics, and signing). The scope of “ethnography of communication” is shown by its term; they are ethnography as a foundation or base and communication as a frame.
There are many definitions from linguists about “ethnography of communication”, some of the definitions are stated below:
- Hymes (1989: 29) “ethnography of communication” the study of the relation of language to social life.
- Crystal (1980: 135) “ethnography of communication” is one of the branches of linguistics which studies the relation of language to the investigation of tribal type and its behavior.
Meroj (rood), mod anggei (kitchen), mecaf (terrace). Philosophy of nei inin top icot menggor (a visit means an event when someone or a group of people come to meet to discuss a certain topic)
There are some basic concepts of “ethnography of communication”, they are:
a) Communicative competence
Communicative competence is what should be known or learned by the speaker in order to communicate appropriately in the speech community. Such as: cultural background and the rule of interaction in the society.
b) Speech Components (Model of interaction of language and social life)
- Setting and Scene
Setting is to pint out the physical setting, while scene is to show the psychological setting of the speech act.
- Participants
The speaker and the hearer or the writer and the reader
- Ends
The purpose of the speech act. Convey the information, persuade the hearer,
- Act Sequence
The form and the content of the speech act. Direct and indirect utterances.
- Key
Tone and manner of the speech act. Verbal (relax and serious) and non-verbal (body language, gesture/ kial, and proxemics)
- Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities refer to the channel in conveying the message. Spoken, written, by the phone
- Norm
Norm refers to the rule or principle in speaking. Norm of interaction and norm of interpretation.
- Genre
Genre refers to the category of speech that is being talked.
c) Speech Community
SC has the important role in EC.
- Lyon (1970) speech community is all the people who use a given language (or dialect).
- Bloomfield (1933) a speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech.
- Kridalaksana (2008) kumpulan masyarakat yang bersepakat menggunakan kode bersama dalam peristiwa komunikasi yang menjadi wadah pola dan organisasi system-sistem peristiwa komunikatif yang berhubungan dengan system-sistem kebudayaan lain.
-linguistics structural and functional
- Internal (phonology, morphology, syntax) and external factors (age, gender, social status, level of education).
- At the beginning the term SL. is known as sociology of language. Than H. Curee- a various language. Fishman differentiate between SL. and sociology of language. SL. is qualitative than SOL. is quantitative. SL. emphasizes the usage of the language by individual in the social context. SOL. emphasizes the diversity of language as the result of social stratum that is exist in the society.
“Sociolinguistics” could be taken to refer to use of linguistic data and analyses in other disciplines, concerned with social life, and conversely, to use social data and analyses in linguistics. The word could also be taken to refer to correlations between languages and societies, and between particular linguistic and social phenomena. Hudson (1980) states that sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. Another definition comes from Criper and Widowson (1975) that say sociolinguistics is the study of language in operation; its purpose is to show how the conventions of language use relate to other aspects of culture.
2. The Definition and concepts of Ethnography of Communication
The modern usage of “ethnography of speaking” is attributable to Dell Hymes. Dell Hymes then changes the “ethnography of speaking” to “ethnography of communication” because he thought that the term of “ethnography of communication” is more appropriate (it’s not only limited in spoken but also in writing, gesture, kinesics, and signing). The scope of “ethnography of communication” is shown by its term; they are ethnography as a foundation or base and communication as a frame.
There are many definitions from linguists about “ethnography of communication”, some of the definitions are stated below:
- Hymes (1989: 29) “ethnography of communication” the study of the relation of language to social life.
- Crystal (1980: 135) “ethnography of communication” is one of the branches of linguistics which studies the relation of language to the investigation of tribal type and its behavior.
Meroj (rood), mod anggei (kitchen), mecaf (terrace). Philosophy of nei inin top icot menggor (a visit means an event when someone or a group of people come to meet to discuss a certain topic)
There are some basic concepts of “ethnography of communication”, they are:
a) Communicative competence
Communicative competence is what should be known or learned by the speaker in order to communicate appropriately in the speech community. Such as: cultural background and the rule of interaction in the society.
b) Speech Components (Model of interaction of language and social life)
- Setting and Scene
Setting is to pint out the physical setting, while scene is to show the psychological setting of the speech act.
- Participants
The speaker and the hearer or the writer and the reader
- Ends
The purpose of the speech act. Convey the information, persuade the hearer,
- Act Sequence
The form and the content of the speech act. Direct and indirect utterances.
- Key
Tone and manner of the speech act. Verbal (relax and serious) and non-verbal (body language, gesture/ kial, and proxemics)
- Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities refer to the channel in conveying the message. Spoken, written, by the phone
- Norm
Norm refers to the rule or principle in speaking. Norm of interaction and norm of interpretation.
- Genre
Genre refers to the category of speech that is being talked.
c) Speech Community
SC has the important role in EC.
- Lyon (1970) speech community is all the people who use a given language (or dialect).
- Bloomfield (1933) a speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech.
- Kridalaksana (2008) kumpulan masyarakat yang bersepakat menggunakan kode bersama dalam peristiwa komunikasi yang menjadi wadah pola dan organisasi system-sistem peristiwa komunikatif yang berhubungan dengan system-sistem kebudayaan lain.
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